In order to the effects of elements zinc, boron and sulfur on quantitative and qualitative agronomic characteristics of rapeseed var. Hyola 401, an experiment was conducted in Rice Research Institution of Iran, Rasht province in 2010. A field experiment with completely randomized block design was performed with eight treatments in three replicates. Treatment consisted of control, Zn, B, S, Zn+S, Zn+B, B+S, and S+B+Zn. Sulfur treatment was added at the rate of 100 kg ha-1 before sowing; Boron was added as Borax (Na2B4O7, 10H2O) at the rate of 1.5 kg ha−1, and zinc was added as Zn 15% EDTA at the rate of 1.5 kg ha−1 to the soil. Analysis of variance showed that the effects of treatments on SILIQUES total NUMBER at plant, GRAIN NUMBER at SILIQUES thousand-seed weight and seed yield were significant (P<0.01). Minimum GRAIN oil and seed yield were obtained from control treatments and the highest seed yields were obtained from S+B+Zn treatments. The maximum oleic acid (229.6 mg g-1) and linolenic acid (27.14 mg g-1) were obtained from B+Zn+S treatment. Maximum of linoleic acid (55.55 mg g-1) were obtained from B+Zn treatment. Maximum stearic and palmitic acid was obtained from B+Zn and S+Zn treatments which were 6.527 and 15.47 mg g-1, respectively. The highest erucic acid content was (0.878 mg g-1) at control treatment. Based on the results, application of B, S and Zn fertilizers with NPK fertilizer can help increase the yield and yield components in rapeseed

Due to having spring and autumn genotypes and adaptation to weather conditions, rapeseed is considered as a point hope to provide edible oil of country. Two separate experiments were set up as split-plot in a RCBD design with three replications in two fall and winter seasons during two years (2014-2015 and 2015-2016) at the research field of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute to investigate the effect of sowing season and date on the quantitative and qualitative yields of rapeseed genotypes in Karaj, Iran. In this study, the main plots were sowing dates (7, 17, and 27 October in fall sowing and 9 and 19 February, and 1 March in winter sowings) and sub-plots consisted of genotypes (RGS003, Dalgan, Zabol10, Hyola401, and Hyola4815). Rapeseed genotypes GRAIN and oil yields were 4330 and 1840 kg ha-1 in fall sowing, respectively, while these traits were decreased 43.3 and 46.6% respectively, when rapeseed genotypes were planted in winter season. The highest GRAIN and oil yields (5033 and 2202 kg ha-1) belonged to 7 October sowing date in fall sowing, while 9 February had the highest GRAIN and oil yields (2996 and 1248 kg ha-1) in winter sowing. In general, the Dalgan genotype is recommended for cultivation due to suitable agronomic traits such as NUMBER of silique per plant, NUMBER of GRAIN per silique, silique length, 1000-GRAIN weight, as well as high GRAIN and oil yields in cold temperate regions with arid and semi-arid climates such as Karaj, Iran.

In order to investigate the possibility of quinoa producing in Garmsar, Iran, a factorial experiment conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018-2019 growing season at Garmsar Agricultural Research Station. The factors were planting date at three levels (March 6th, April 1st and April 6th) and the three genotypes of quinoa (Q26, Q29 and Titicaca). Results showed that the effect of planting date was significant for all studied traits except the harvest index. Also, all studied traits were significantly different in all genotypes. Titicaca planted on March 6th had the highest yield (2276 kg.ha-1).The GRAIN yield and yield components decreased with the delaying the planting date. Compared to early plantings, Latest date, April 6th, led to reduction of all traits, especially GRAIN yield (about 50%). The results of simple phenotypic correlation between the studied traits showed that GRAIN yield per hectare had the highest correlation with plant yield (0.877) and then with leaf area index (0.832), panicle weight (0.815) and NUMBER of branches per plant (0.745) that was significant at the 1% probability level.

To assesse the iron and silicon effects on the yield and physiological characteristics of green pea, Wando cultivar by ASGrow Corporation was used in three levels of iron chelate (0.05, 0.1 and 0.3 gr per l-1) and silicon (0, 14 and 28 mg per l-1), as a factorial experimental in completely randomized design with three replications. In this experiment, characterisics such as fresh and dry weight of GRAIN, the NUMBER of GRAIN per pod, concentration of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Si in leaf and GRAIN were measured. Results showed that the interaction of Fe and Si was significant at p<0.01 on GRAIN fresh and dry wigeht, concentratin of leaf and GRAIN Fe, leaf Mn, leaf and GRAIN Zn and leaf Si and the application of Fe and Si was significant separately, on other traits such as NUMBER of GRAIN per pod, concentration of leaf and GRAIN Cu, Mn and Si in GRAIN.  The Mean squares showed that the application of Fe and Si significantly increased fresh and dry GRAIN weight and Si laef concetration and decreased the concentratin of leaf and GRAIN Fe and Mn as well as GRAIN Mn.  The enhancement of Fe and Si application separately decreased the concentration of Mn, Cu and zinc leaf and GRAINs, but the Si concentration of leaf and GRAIN were increased by Si application. The concentration of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were decreased in leaf and GRAIN because of antagonistic effects. It can be concluded that Si reduces the harmfull effects of high levels of iron toxicity and the application of 0.1 g/l and 25 mg/l can be recommended as the best treatments.

In order to identify the correlations and relationships between different traits in the bread wheat, 30 genotypes were investigated as sub-factors under the split plot experiment in the completely randomized design in greenhouse and the randomized complete block design in the field with three replications under the normal irrigation and post-anthesis water stress conditions. The results of the canonical correlation analysis showed that at both normal and moisture stress levels, there was a significant correlation between the pair of canonical variables obtained from the phenological traits and the yield components. Under the normal conditions in the greenhouse, to increase the spike density and length, the NUMBER of days to 50% flowering can be considered as a suitable selection criterion. According to the results of canonical correlation analysis, under the stressed conditions in greenhouse, to increase the spike length, the NUMBER of days to the heading, maturity and 50% of flowering were among the important and effective factors. Under the optimum irrigation conditions in the field, the NUMBER of days to maturity was considered as one of the factors influencing the seed weight per spike. The results of canonical correlation analysis under the field stress conditions showed that to increase the 1000-seed weight, the NUMBER of days to maturity can be considered an appropriate selection criterion.

The final status of GRAINs in the individual phases of plant development is determined and different factors effect on growing season during and each of these cases in its critical period can have an impact on the NUMBER of final GRAIN yield. This study was conducted to explain of relationship between factors affecting on wheat yield components. A factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with four wheat cultivars (Beak cross of Roshan, Chamran, Pishtaz and Mahdavi) under four sowing dates (23 October, 16 November, 11 December and 5 January) and four replications in sabzevar Agricultural sciences Research during 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 were performance. Resale shown that the most and least GRAIN yield was belonged to Mahdavi and Chamran cultivar. Temperature, stem and leaf nitrogen and stem dry matter per– anthesis were the best influenced parameters on KNO. Considering results of correlation coefficients, kernel NUMBER per square meter appeared to have the best relation (r: 0. 88) with mean temperature of stem elongation to anthesis. Exponential function could be used to estimate kernel NUMBER per square meter with stem dry matter at anthesis. Minimum stem dry matter at anthesis was 156. 7 gr. m-2. Fitted model 95% of kernel NUMBERs and formed when stem dry mater is revealed that 730 gr. m-2. During growing season, availability of trained juice, temperature and day length are involved in the production of total dry matter and dry matter production is directly related to the GRAIN NUMBER so, each of these cases in its critical period can have an impact on GRAIN NUMBER and final GRAIN yield.

Introduction: Rapeseed cultivation as an important oil seed crop for edible oil supply in Iran and therefore, the identification of cultivars adapted to the particular environmental condition of each region have a particular importance in terms of attaining higher yield in the current state of the country (Hasan et al., 2014). On the other hand, recognizing the relationships between agronomic traits and determining the contribution of each of these traits to yield production provides the necessary information for the breeders to select the most suitable genotype for each region (Basalma, 2008; Marjanovic-Jeromela et al., 2008). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of effective traits to GRAIN yield and identify the most effective traits as criteria for selecting high yielding cultivars in Ramhormoz region. Materials and Methods: This research was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications and ten spring rapeseed genotypes in the cropping year of 2016-2017 in Ramhormoz. The quantitative traits in this study included the NUMBER of flowers on the main raceme, SILIQUES on the main raceme, ratio of SILIQUES produced per flowers produced, NUMBER of lateral branches, SILIQUES on the lateral branches, GRAIN per silique, 1000-GRAIN weight, silique length, plant height and height of the lowest silique from the soil surface, GRAIN yield, biological yield, NUMBER of days to flowering and days to end of flowering, NUMBER of days to silique formation and days to maturity, duration of flowering and duration of silique formation to maturity. Results and Discussion: The studied rapeseed genotypes showed a significant difference in the all investigated traits except for success ratio for flower development into silique (%). The Safi6 with the highest NUMBER of SILIQUES per plant, Hyola420 with the relatively high NUMBER of GRAIN per silique and the highest GRAIN weight and SAN34 with the highest NUMBER of GRAIN per silique produced the highest GRAIN yield. These three genotypes also had longer flowering duration. Despite the high NUMBER of SILIQUES per plant, the late maturity genotype of Hyola60 with the lowest NUMBER of GRAIN per silique and the relatively low GRAIN weight had the least GRAIN yield, due to its GRAIN-filling coinciding with the end of the growing season and heat stress. Among the studied traits, the NUMBER of GRAINs per silique had the most positive and significant correlation with GRAIN yield and in stepwise regression analysis, it was the first trait which was entered to the model and explained 71% of the variation of yield along with the NUMBER of SILIQUES on the lateral branches, 1000-GRAIN weight and the height of the lowest SILIQUES from the soil surface. According to the results of path analysis, the NUMBER of GRAIN per silique had the most positive direct effect on GRAIN yield. The indirect effects of this trait via the NUMBER of SILIQUES on the lateral branches, 1000-GRAIN weight and height of the lowest silique from the soil surface were negligible. In spite of the relatively high direct effect of the NUMBER of SILIQUES in the lateral branches on GRAIN yield, there was no significant correlation between the NUMBER of SILIQUES on the lateral branches and GRAIN yield, due to the negative indirect effect via 1000-GRAIN weight and height of the lowest silique from the soil surface Conclusion: The results of this study showed that Safi6, Hyola420 and SAN34 were the most suitable genotypes to achieve the highest yield in Ramhormoz region (with consideration of the recommended planting date). GRAIN NUMBER per SILIQUES with the highest positive direct effect on GRAIN yield and negligible indirect effects via other traits was introduced as criteria for selection of high yielding genotypes in spring rapeseed breeding programs.

This study was conducted to examine effects photothermal Quotient on GRAIN NUMBER of four wheat cultivars under four planting dates and four replications. The experiment conducted at the Sabzevar Agricultural Sciences Research during 2007-2008 and 2008-2009. Various responses functions were evaluated to quantify the response of GRAIN NUMBER to influencing parameters (environmental and non- environmental- based factors). The best relationship was found between GRAIN NUMBER and GRAIN yield, thus we evaluated and modeled other influence parameters (photothermal Quotient and temperature) on GRAIN NUMBER. Result indicated that the GRAIN NUMBER per area with mean temperature (r=0.88) at stem elongation to anthesis stage the highest correlation coefficient and GRAIN NUMBER reduced with increasing temperature, in first and second years, 12150.3 and 1118.9 GRAIN NUMBER /oC respectively. In 27 and 30 oC mean temperature GRAIN was not formed. Qquadratic equation was obtained between GRAIN NUMBER per unit area and photothermal Quotient at stem elongation to anthesis stage and the highest GRAIN NUMBER of wheat were observed in 0.55 photothermal Quotient.

The effect of row spacing on GRAIN yield, yield components and oil content of four rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars was investigated in a paddy fields as second crop after rice at Rice Research Institute of Iran c(Rasht), in 2003-2004 and 2004-2005 cropping seasons. The experiment was conducted as a split plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Four rapeseed cultivars: Hyola308, RGS003, PF7045/91 and Hyola401 were assigned to main plots and three row spacings: 20, 25 and 30 cm at constant plant densities` (40 plant/m2) were randomized in sub-plots. Results showed that rapeseed cultivars were significantly different in GRAIN yield, oil content, oil yield, biological yield, days to maturity, NUMBER of SILIQUES per plant, NUMBER of GRAINs per silique, silique length, 1000- GRAIN weight, NUMBER of first, second and third order auxiliary branches, and plant height. Results also indicated that, PF7045/91 ranked the first in GRAIN yield, oil content, oil yield, biological yield, days to maturity, NUMBER of SILIQUES per plant and NUMBER of first and second order branches and plant height. Row spacing had significant effect on biological yield, harvest index and days to maturity, but its effect on GRAIN yield, oil content and oil yield was not significant. However, row spacing of 20 cm ranked the first in GRAIN yield, oil content, and oil yield. Correlation coefficients between traits indicated that GRAIN yield was significantly correlated with NUMBER of SILIQUES per plant, second order branches and plant height. NUMBER of SILIQUES per plant and plant height were significantly correlated with oil content. Results showed that PF7045/91 ranked the first in light interception (LI%) and radiation use efficiency (RUE) (75.5% and 2.33 g.MJ-1, respectively) and Hyola308 ranked the least (61.5% and 1.54 g.MJ-1, respectively). Row spacing of 20 cm also ranked the first in light interception (68.5%).

The effect of concentration and timing of application of supplementary nitrogen fertilizer on dry matter remobilization and GRAIN yield of rapeseed (Hyola401) as a second crop following rice in paddy field, was evaluated in a field experiment conducted using complete randomized block design with three replications at Rice Research Institute of Iran, Rashat, Iran, in 2008 cropping season. Fertilizer (N from Urea source) doses at two levels (5 and 10 ppm) and timing of application at 7 levels; 1: seedling stage at 6-8 leaves (1.06-1.08 based on Sylvester-Bradley and Makepeace coding system=SBMCS), 2: commencement of stem elongation (2.01-2.03 SBMCS), 3: prior to flowering (3.9 SBMCS), 4: 1.06-1.08+2.01-2.03, 5: 1.06- 1.08+3.9, 6: 2.01-2.03+ 3.9, 7: 1.06-1.08+2.01- 2.03+3.9, plus two control treatments a: no nitrogen b: commonly applied fertilization (180 kg.ha-1) at seed sowing, stem elongation and prior to flowering in equal rates. Plant characteristics (NUMBER of SILIQUES, NUMBER of GRAIN.silique-1, 1000-GRAIN weight, dry matter remobilization, dry matter remobilization efficiency, dry matter content in 50% flowering and GRAIN maturity stages, biological yield, GRAIN yield, oil content and harvest index) were measured. Results showed a significant difference between concentration and timing of nitrogen spray application effect on GRAIN yield, oil content, NUMBER of SILIQUES, dry matter remobilization, dry matter content in 50% flowering, GRAIN maturity stages, biological yield. Spray application of nitrogen (10 ppm) in 2.01- 2.03+3.9 stages (Treatment. #6) had the higest GRAIN yield (4221.7 kg.ha-1) and NUMBER of SILIQUES.plant-1 (219.7 SILIQUES), dry matter remobilization (694.1 g.m-2) and dry matter content at 50% flowering stage (891.5 g.m-2). There were no significant differences between NUMBER of SILIQUES.plant-1, dry matter remobilization, dry matter content in 50% flowering stage and GRAIN maturity stages in concentrations (10 ppm) and times of nitrogen spray application in 2.01- 2.03+3.9 and 1.06- 1.08+2.01-2.03 treatments.Results also showed that application of supplementary nitrogen (10 ppm) at 2.01- 2.03+3.9 stages can increase GRAIN yield and dry matter remobilization in rapeseed cv. Hayola401.